ÿþ <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <HTML> <HEAD><TITLE>Elementary Particles</TITLE> <META NAME="DESCRIPTION" CONTENT="Elementary Particles: Electrons, Fermions, Bosons, Quarks."> <META NAME="KEYWORDS" CONTENT = "Elementary particles, fermions, bosons, quarks, electrons, cosmic radiation, dark matter, antimatter."> <link REL="SHORTCUT ICON" HREF="http://www.electriciansparadise.com/favicon.ico"> </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR = "#CCFFFF" ALINK = "#FF0033"> <P><H3><A HREF = "index.html"> HOME </A> | <A HREF="webhost.html"> Best Web Host </A> | <A HREF = "question.html"> Question of the Week </A> |<A HREF = "archive.html"> Archived Questions </A> |<A HREF="morearchives.html"> More Archived NEC Questions </A>|<A HREF="necexam1.html"> Still More Archived Questions </A> |<A HREF="necexam2.html"> Still More Archived Questions-2 </A>|<A HREF="morearchives3.html"> Still More Archived Questions-3 </A>| </A> <A HREF= "articles.html"> Articles </A> |<A HREF="deficiencies.html"> Electrical Deficiencies </A> | <A HREF="moredeficiencies.html">More Electrical Deficiencies </A> | <A HREF = "electricianstools.html"> Electricians Tools </A>|<A HREF="onlinecomputers.html"> Online computers </A> | <A HREF = "cybercorner.html"> Cybercorner </A> |<A HREF = "license.html"> Electrician's License </A>| <A HREF="electronics.html"> Electronics Tutorials </A> |<A HREF="worksavers.html"> Electricians' worksaving ideas </A> |<A HREF="electronic theorems.html"> Electronic Theorems | <A HREF = "satellite.html"> Satellite Dish </A> | <A HREF = "digital.html"> Digital Cameras and Equipment </A> | <A HREF = "colors.html"> HTML Color Chart </A> | <A HREF = "acronyms.html"> Electronic Acronyms </A> | <A HREF = "definitions.html"> Electronic Definitions </A> |<A HREF="esolder.html"> Electrician's Soldering Tutorial </A>| <A HREF="solar.html"> Photovoltaic Power </A> | <A HREF="wind.html"> Wind Power </A> |<A HREF = "firealarm.html"> Fire Alarm Basics </A> | <A HREF="firealarm2.html"> More Fire Alarm Info </A> | <A HREF = "raceways.html"> Working with MC and EMT </A> |<A HREF="colorcode.html"> Electricians' Color Code </A> |<A HREF = "garage.html"> Wiring Commercial Garages </A> | <A HREF="elights.html"> Managing Your Emergency Lights </A> | <A HREF="lighting.html"> Lighting Design </A> | <A HREF = "industrial.html"> Industrial Wiring </A> |<A HREF="ethernet.html"> Wiring Ethernet | <A HREF="residential.html"> Residential Wiring </A> | <A HREF = "lowvoltage.html"> Low Voltage Wiring </A> | <A HREF = "plc.html"> PLC Overview </A> | <A HREF="troubleshooting.html"> Electrical Troubleshooting Techniques </A> | <A HREF = "loop.html"> Using Loop Impedance Meter </A> | <A HREF = "grounding.html">Ten Common Grounding Errors </A>|<A HREF="neccabling.html">NEC and Low-Voltage Wiring </A> |<A HREF = "necraceway.html"> Raceway Protection and NEC </A> |<A HREF = "metrace.html"> Working with Metal Raceway </A> |<A HREF = "impedance.html"> Inductance and Characteristic Impedance</A> |<A HREF = "capacitance.html"> Understanding Capacitance </A> |<A HREF="ethernethistory.html"> History of the Ethernet </A> |<A HREF="twisting.html"> Twisting Data Conductors </A> |<A HREF="communications1.html"> NEC Article 800, Communications Circuits </A> | <A HREF = "communications2.html"> NEC Article 810, Radio and Television Equipment </A> |<A HREF="communications3.html"> NEC Article 820, Community Antenna and Radio Distribution Equipment </A> |<A HREF="communications4.html"> NEC Article 830, Network-Powered Broadband </A> | <A HREF = "submersible.html"> Troubleshooting Submersible Well Pumps </A> |<A HREF="healthcare.html"> Wiring Healthcare Facilities </A> | <A HREF = "nec1897.html"> First Edition National Electrical Code 1897 </A> | <A HREF = "books.html"> Books for Electricians </A> | <A HREF= "links.html"> Links </A> </H3></P> <HR> <HR> <BR> <P><H3> It is a great pleasure to announce the publication by McGraw-Hill of my new NEC 2011 guidebook. 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To browse visit <a href="http://ss.webring.com/navbar?f=l;y=dsherres;u=defurl"> here</a>.</font></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></center></noscript> <HR> <a href="http://www.mikeholt.com/index.php?affiliate=1144812512"><img src="http://www.mikeholt.com/img/links/banner3.gif" width="450" height="60" border="0" alt="MikeHolt.com"></a> </CENTER> <HR> <P><H2> Wilderness Light Photography: Custom, commercial, landscape, nature, weddings, portraits, stock images by Judith Howcroft -- <A HREF="http://www.wildernesslightstockphotos.com"> wildernesslightstockphotos.com </A> </H2> <HR> <H1> <EM> Order Electricians' Books Online -- </EM> </H1> <CENTER><H1><A HREF = "books.html"> Electricians' Books </A> </H1></CENTER> <HR> <H1> <EM> Order Satellite Dish Installation Tools Online -- </EM> </H1> <CENTER><a href="http://www.summitsource.com/index.php?ref=118&affiliate_banner_id=2" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.summitsource.com/affiliate_show_banner.php?ref=118&affiliate_banner_id=2" border="0" alt="Summit Source"></a> </CENTER> <HR> <H1> <EM> Order Klein Electricians' Tools Online -- </EM> </H1> <CENTER><H1><A HREF = "http://store.yahoo.com/cgi-bin/clink?toolsplus+fz789T+kle.html"> Klein Tools </A> </H1></CENTER> <HR> <H1 <EM> Order Greenlee Electricians' Tools Online -- </EM> </H1> <CENTER> <a href="http://www.howtowireahouse.com/cgi-howtowireahouse/sb/ref.cgi?storeid= *22447bca45e4215f5ae0d014b2c694bd5ecdaa&name=Electricians_Paradise"> <img border="0" src="http://www.howtowireahouse.com/media/images/title.gif"> </a> </CENTER> <HR> <H1> <EM> Order Ridgid Electricians' Tools Online -- </EM> </H1> <CENTER> <a href="http://www.avantlink.com/click.php?tt=ml&ti=4168&pw=2367"><img src="http://www.avantlink.com/gbi/10027/4168/2018/2367/image.gif" width="468" height="60" border=0 /></a> </CENTER> <HR> <H1> <EM> Order Milwaukee Electricians' Tools Online -- </EM> </H1> <CENTER> <form method="get" action="http://www.tkqlhce.com/interactive" target="_top"> <p><b><font size="4">Milwaukee 49-22-4085 17 Piece Deluxe Electricians' Hole Saw Kit</font></b></p> <p><font size="2">Milwaukee 49-22-4085 17 Piece Deluxe Electricians' Hole Saw Kit Since its founding in 1924, Milwaukee has focused on a single vision: to produce the best heavy-duty electric power tools and accessories available to professional user. Today, the Milwaukee name stands for the highest quality, durable and reliable professional tools money can buy. This deluxe 17 piece Electricians' Hole Saw Kit has the ultimate range of diameters available. The 12 diameters include: 5/8 inch, 3/4 inch, 7/8 inch, 1 inch, 1-1/8 inch, 1-1/4 inch, 1-3/8 inch, 1-1/2 inch, 1-3/4 inch, 2 inch, 2-1/2 inch, and 3 inch. The kit also includes arbor 49-56-7000 for hole saws up to 1-3/16 inch and arbor 49-56-7140 for hole saws 1-1/4 inch and larger. Additionally the kit has three pilot bits 49-56-8000 and an impact resistant plastic carrying case. The case is also sold separately as 48-55-0784. The hole saws in this kit are of the 6 teeth per inch design. Milwaukee 49-22-4085 17 Piece Deluxe Electricians' Hole Saw Kit Features: &#149; Deluxe assortment of 12 hole saws, two arbors, and three pilot bits &#149; Hole Saws: 5/8 in., 3/4 in., 7/8 in., 1 in., 1-1/8 in., 1-1/4 in., 1-3/8 in., 1-1/2 in., 1-3/4 in., 2 in., 2-1/2 in., 3 in.</font></p> <hr> <input type="hidden" name="pid" value="3004875"/> <input type="hidden" name="aid" value="10505704"/> <input type="hidden" name="cjsku" value="75923"/> <input type="hidden" name="url" value="http://tracking.searchmarketing.com/click.asp?aid=127302077"/> <input type="submit" value="Buy"/> </form> <img src="http://www.awltovhc.com/image-3004875-10505704" width="1" height="1" border="0"/> </CENTER> <HR> <HR> <CENTER> <TABLE WIDTH = "440" BORDER = "0" CELLSPACING = "0" CELLPADDING = "0"> <TR> <TD WIDTH = "100%"> <H2>What Is an Electron?</H2> <BR> <P>The electron is a subatomic particle carrying a negative electric charge. It has no known components or substructure. Therefore, the electron is generally believed to be an elementary particle. An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. The intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of the electron is a half-integer value in units of 1, which means that it is a fermion. The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron. The positron is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, both particles may either scatter off each other or be totally annihilated, producing a pair (or more) of gamma ray photons. Electrons, which belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. Electrons, like all matter, have quantum mechanical properties of both particles and waves, so they can collide with other particles and may aybe diffracted like light. However, this duality is best demonstrated in experiments with electrons, due to their tiny mass. Since an electron is a fermion, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. <P>The concept of an indivisible amount of electric charge was theorized to explain the chemical properties of atoms, beginning in 1838 by British natural philosopher Richard Laming; the name electron was introduced for this charge in 1894 by Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney. The electron was identified as a particle in 1897 by J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists. <P>In many physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity, electrons play an essential role. An electron in motion relative to an observer generates a magnetic field, and will be deflected by external magnetic fields. When an electron is accelerated, it can abso